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The literature on policy coordination between government agencies reveals little about how coordination is managed in centralized political
systems. This paper, therefore, presents a dynamic and quantitative analysis of policy co...
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The literature on policy coordination between government agencies reveals little about how coordination is managed in centralized political
systems. This paper, therefore, presents a dynamic and quantitative analysis of policy coordination in China based on the science and technology
(S&T) policy documents issued by China’s central government agencies in the period 1978–2019. From a series of snapshots depicting interagency
policy development in five historical stages over this timeframe, we find that (1) policy coordination has developed steadily and has
mainly occurred to interpret macro strategies and put in place more detailed implementation measures. (2) Ministries under the purview of
the State Council have played a leading role in policy coordination, while other types of agencies have cooperated in more supporting roles. (3)
Coordination efforts have mainly focused on inclusive and national demand-oriented themes, such as high-tech industrialization, rural S&T, and
social development. This research offers a panoramic view of policy coordination trajectories and mechanisms in centralized political systems.
As such, it adds to the analysis methods available for quantitatively studying policy documents.
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Studies of the drivers of the decision to re-municipalize have increased recently, but research on its implementation is very scarce. We analyse how service characteristics and institutional factors influence the implementation of...
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Studies of the drivers of the decision to re-municipalize have increased recently, but research on its implementation is very scarce. We analyse how service characteristics and institutional factors influence the implementation of re-municipalization. For that purpose, we use an extensive database on re-municipalization decisions, and analyse the available data by means of logistic and negative binomial regressions. Strong network characteristics are associated with lower probabilities of implementation and longer implementation processes. Re-municipalization of personal services is more likely to be fully implemented and is finalized faster. Interestingly, after the great recession the probability of implementing reforms increased.
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Background: The Committee for Medical Ethics (CME) of Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) was established as the first medical ethics reviewing committee (MREC) in the Netherlands. In the period 2000-2010 the CME received 2,16...
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Background: The Committee for Medical Ethics (CME) of Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) was established as the first medical ethics reviewing committee (MREC) in the Netherlands. In the period 2000-2010 the CME received 2,162 protocols for review. Some of these protocols were never approved. Until now, there has existed neither an overview of these failed protocols nor an overview of the reasons for their failure. Methods: This report draws on data from the digital database, the physical archives, and the minutes of the meetings of the CME. Additional information has been obtained from the Central Committee on Research involving Human Subjects (CCRH) and survey-based research. Protocols were itemized based on characteristic features and their reviewing procedures were analyzed. Results: In total, 1,952 out of 2,162 research protocols submitted during 2000-2010 (90.3%) were approved by the CME; 210 of 2,162 protocols (9.7%) were not approved. Of these 210 protocols, 177 failed due to reasons not related to CME reviewing. In 15 cases CME reviewing led to protocol failure, while another 10 protocols were rejected outright. Eight of the 210 submitted protocols without approval had been conducted prior to submission. Conclusions: In the aforementioned period, little protocol failure occurred. For the most part, protocol failure was caused by problems that are not CME related. This type of failure has several identifiable factors, none of which have anything to do with the ethical reviewing procedure by the CME. A mere 1.2% of protocols failed due to ethical review. Unacceptable burden and risks to the subject and an inadequate methodology are the most common reasons for this CME-related protocol failure.
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This paper undertakes a Bayesian analysis of optimal monetary policy for the U.K. We estimate a suite of monetary-policy models that include both forward- and backward-looking representations as well as large- and small-scale mode...
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This paper undertakes a Bayesian analysis of optimal monetary policy for the U.K. We estimate a suite of monetary-policy models that include both forward- and backward-looking representations as well as large- and small-scale models. We find an optimal simple Taylor-type rule that accounts for both model and parameter uncertainty. For the most part, backward-looking models are highly fault tolerant with respect to policies optimized for forward-looking representations, while forward-looking models have low fault tolerance with respect to policies optimized for backward-looking representations. In addition, backward-looking models often have lower posterior probabilities than forward-looking models. Bayesian policies therefore have characteristics suitable for inflation and output stabilization in forward-looking models.
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The notable improvement of China's wetland management policies over the last four decades prompted this study's goal to quantitatively analyze the transformation of China's coastal wetland policies from 1979 to 2022 by applying an...
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The notable improvement of China's wetland management policies over the last four decades prompted this study's goal to quantitatively analyze the transformation of China's coastal wetland policies from 1979 to 2022 by applying an institutional network analysis and policy text analysis. The results of the institutional network analysis revealed an administrative management transformation from a multidepartmental mode to an integrated management framework. Furthermore, the policy text analysis results revealed a change in policy priorities (from exploitation to protection) and management targets (from a single environmental element to a comprehensive ecosystem and further to collaborative governance). In addition, the overall outcome of this study instigated proposals for the improvement of future wetland policies on climate change, integrated planning, natural capital, and public participation. Hence, this study presents an example of wetland policy analysis based on a quantitative review, which we hope will also be valuable for other countries.
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ABSTRACT Over the past 30 years countries across the globe have developed and implemented policies and measures on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV). This paper empirically explores whether and how policy...
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ABSTRACT Over the past 30 years countries across the globe have developed and implemented policies and measures on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV). This paper empirically explores whether and how policy attention around climate change IAV has shifted over time and across regions. We use structural topic modelling to analyse the main themes and regional differences reported by 196 countries in their UNFCCC National Communications over the period 1994–2019. Based on 612 documents, we find impact topics dominate policy attention (>50% of the topics), but this has decreased in recent periods. Attention to the topic on governance, adaptation, and vulnerability have increased over time and across all regions. We observe a more homogeneous spread of topics in recent time periods, and large differences across topic proportions across 6 regions. Results further suggest that the different IAV topic distributions between Annex I and non-Annex I countries continue to persist. Our findings and approach can help to gain a clearer picture of how policy attention to IAV is evolving globally. Key policy insights: Policy attention in National Communications to adaptation has slowly increased but remained stable since 2013.Asia and Africa have paid more attention to adaptation compared to Europe and North America where focus on impacts dominates.Compared to earlier time periods, the topic distribution of impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in 2017–2019 is most different across regions.Large regional differences in attention to IAV suggest the need to tailor the global stocktaking under the Paris Agreement to better understand progress countries and regions make.
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Street-level bureaucrats implementing public policies have a certain degree of autonomy -or discretion - in their work. Following Lipsky, discretion has received wide attention in the policy implementation literature. However, sch...
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Street-level bureaucrats implementing public policies have a certain degree of autonomy -or discretion - in their work. Following Lipsky, discretion has received wide attention in the policy implementation literature. However, scholars have not developed theoretical frameworks regarding the effects of discretion, which were then tested using large samples. This study therefore develops a theoretical framework regarding two main effects of discretion: client meaningfulness and willingness to implement. The relationships are tested using a survey among 1,300 health care professionals implementing a new policy. The results underscore the importance of discretion. Implications of the findings and a future research agenda is shown.
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What is already known about this topic? Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major public health problem in the world. NCDs are the leading cause of premature deaths and disabilities among Chinese residents, resulting in heavy ec...
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What is already known about this topic? Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major public health problem in the world. NCDs are the leading cause of premature deaths and disabilities among Chinese residents, resulting in heavy economic and health burdens. What is added by this report? This study conducted a quantitative analysis of the policy texts on NCDs prevention and control in China from 1990 to 2020, based on the perspective of policy instruments. It was discovered that China’s NCDs prevention and control policies developed rapidly from the ground up over the 30 years from 1990 to 2020 and that the majority of China’s NCDs prevention and control policies were environment-oriented, while supply-oriented and demand-oriented policies were insufficient. What are the implications for public health practice? The findings of this study suggested that increasing supply-oriented and demand-oriented strategies should be prioritized in the future formulation and revision of NCDs prevention and control policies.
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Understanding the layout of China's fintech policy planning from the perspective of policy science theory will help policy makers to fully understand the current development stage and evolutionary path of fintech and improve the i...
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Understanding the layout of China's fintech policy planning from the perspective of policy science theory will help policy makers to fully understand the current development stage and evolutionary path of fintech and improve the implementation of fintech policies and the promotion of their effects. This study examines 120 fintech policies issued at the national level from 2017 to 2022; unifies policy tools, policy organizational structure, and policy effectiveness into a three-dimensional scientific policy analysis framework; and uses a text content mining method to provide a quantitative analysis of China's current fintech policy system. In terms of the choice of policy tools, there is an unbalanced proportion, with environmental-type policy tools being overused and demand-type policy tools being underused; a network of core institutions for policy promulgation has been formed, with diversified types of subjects. However, overall, the degree of cooperation among various subjects is not high, and some departments closely related to the development of fintech are not involved enough in the publication of cooperation documents. Policy effectiveness depends on the number of policies and their average effectiveness, and the latter has insufficient growth momentum. Given the existing problems, some suggestions are made for optimising policies to develop fintech.
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Sustainable economic development in the future is driven by public policy on regional, national and global levels. Therefore a comprehensive policy analysis is needed that provides consistent and effective policy support. However,...
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Sustainable economic development in the future is driven by public policy on regional, national and global levels. Therefore a comprehensive policy analysis is needed that provides consistent and effective policy support. However, a general problem facing classical policy analysis is model uncertainty. All actors, those involved in the policy choice and those in the policy analysis, are fundamentally uncertain which of the different models corresponds to the true generative mechanism that represents the natural, economic, or social phenomena on which policy analysis is focused. In this paper, we propose a general framework that explicitly incorporates model uncertainty into the derivation of a policy choice. Incorporating model uncertainty into the analysis is limited by the very high required computational effort. In this regard, we apply metamodeling techniques as a way to reduce computational complexity. We demonstrate the effect of different metamodel types using a reduced model for the case of CAADP in Senegal. Furthermore, we explicitly show that ignoring model uncertainty leads to inefficient policy choices and results in a large waste of public resources.
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